In the United States, cancer of the brain occurs at a rate of 14.5 per 100,000 dogs. The Canadian data is not available.

It is far less common in cats. Brain tumors are most commonly seen in certain breeds; Boxer, Golden Retriever, Doberman Pinscher, Scottish Terrier, and Old English Sheepdog. Dogs with long narrow heads such as the Collie breeds are prone to develop a specific type of tumor known as a meningioma.

Meningiomas are technically not in the brain but in the covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The trouble with all tumors within the skull is they are a growing tissue within a very limited and confined space. As they grow, they put pressure on the normal tissue within the skull.

There are two general types of tumors that occur in the brain; Primary and Secondary tumors

  • Primary tumors are those that originate in the brain.
  • Secondary tumors originate in other parts of the body and spread to the brain.

Signs of a possible brain tumor in your dog or cat

Meningiomas are usually benign tumors that grow on the capsule surrounding the brain. They account for approximately 50% of all brain tumors in dogs and 85% in cats. Seizures are the most common sign in dogs. Cats generally have changes in their everyday activity, have a loss of vision, and develop gait abnormalities. These tumors typically grow slowly, so signs initially are minor and progress over time.

Each portion of the brain has a specific purpose, so the signs of a tumor can vary depending on the location in the brain.

  • Abnormal behavior/mental activity 
  • Loss of learned behavior
  • Abnormal vision or blindness
  • Circling 
  • A wobbly gait 
  • Head tilt 
  • Circling 
  • Disorientation

How are brain tumors in pets are diagnosed?

Clinical signs, a physical and neurological exam, blood tests, and changes in the pet’s normal activity may suggest to the veterinarian the possibility of a brain tumor; however, going further requires the use of a CT scan or an MRI scan.

Even with these diagnostics, it is not always possible to differentiate between a tumor, inflammation, fluid, or bleeding in the brain. A CT-guided biopsy is needed to identify the cancer and degree of malignancy.

A sample of the fluid around the brain may be necessary to rule out infection and possibly detect cancerous cells.

X-rays of the skull are of little use but are necessary to detect the possibility of tumors in other parts of the body before any treatment is considered.

How are brain tumors in dogs and cats treated?

Brain tumors are extremely challenging to diagnose and treat. Diagnosis and treatment are expensive and require a close working relationship with the family veterinarian and veterinary specialists.

There are several types of treatment, either in combination or separately, depending on the specific details of each case. The specific treatment depends on the size of the growth, the type of tumor, and the location.

  • Surgery

Meningiomas are of the covering around the brain and are more amenable to surgery, especially in cats. Surgery and radiation or chemotherapy have also been used.

Surgery within the brain is more challenging. Newer surgical equipment and techniques such as radiosurgery and ultrasonic aspiration have improved the outcome. 

  • Radiation

Radiation alone and radiation in combination with any other forms of treatment have been used.

  • Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy alone and in combination with radiation and or surgery is another option.

  • Medical Therapy

Corticosteroids to decrease the size of the tumor and anticonvulsant medications can reduce the clinical signs and improve the quality of life for a time.

  • Palliative Care

When other treatments are not available or practical, the palliative care of the pet is the best option. This type of care aims to maintain the best quality of life for as long as possible. That could include medications to reduce the symptoms, control pain, and make the pet more comfortable.

It is critical to work closely with veterinary specialists to gather as much information as possible to determine the most appropriate approach that offers the best chance of success.

What is the prognosis for a dog or cat with a brain tumor?

Unfortunately, most brain tumors cannot be cured, but many can be treated. The primary goal of treatment is to extend a good quality of life for as long as possible.

Without treatment, the long-term prognosis is generally poor. Depending on the tumor’s location, the size, and type of tumor, treatment can extend the pet’s life and improve quality for a time.

If you do suspect a brain tumor in your dog or cat, it’s best to consult your veterinarian to understand what’s really happening.

If you are facing a diagnosis, Kali’s Wish is here to help! Learn more about our free programs and services on our Homepage, and visit our Health Hub for more pet cancer resources.

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